Entrando no campo da desinformação: emoções conflitantes e os limites da relativização / Entering the field of misinformation: conflicting emotions and the limits of relativisation

Resumo Este artigo aborda o papel das emoções dos pesquisadores e de seus interlocutores na pesquisa de campo sobre desinformação, a partir de uma investigação sobre os usos do Telegram na circulação e apropriação de informações sobre covid-19. Partindo de uma reflexão sobre o emocional na construção do conhecimento antropológico e os limites da relativização no contato com grupos considerados "anticiência" por meio da antropologia digital, o estudo debate o lugar das emoções conflitantes e em jogo na relação entre nós e os sujeitos observados durante a pesquisa. Propomos, por fim, uma mudança conceitual: do negacionismo, como sistema explicativo da negação de princípios considerados básicos de conhecimentos e evidências científicas, para o afirmativismo, que destaca a afirmação de grupos sociais, de seus valores, crenças e cosmovisões.

Abstract This article addresses the role of researchers' and their interlocutors' emotions in field research on misinformation, based on an investigation into the uses of Telegram in the circulation and appropriation of information about COVID-19. Starting from a reflection on the emotional in the construction of anthropological knowledge and the limits of relativization in engaging with groups considered "anti-science" from digital anthropology, the study discusses the place of conflicting emotions in the relationship between us and the subjects observed during the research. Finally, we propose the need for a conceptual shift: from denialism as an explanatory system for the denial of principles considered fundamental to knowledge and scientific evidence, to affirmationism, which highlights the affirmation of social groups, their values, beliefs, and worldviews.

Factores antropológicos socio-demográficos en la incidencia de lepra

Introducción: La conexión entre la lepra y los factores sociales, tienen implicación tanto para el paciente, como para la operatividad de los programas de control de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar factores antropológicos socio-demográficos en la incidencia de lepra en el municipio Camagüey. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal retrospectivo. El universo lo conformaron los pacientes con diagnósticos de lepra incluidos en el periodo que abarcó el estudio y pertenecientes al municipio Camagüey. Las variables estudiadas fueron: formas clínicas según clasificación sanitaria, edad, sexo, área de salud, procedencia geográfica (rural o urbana), ingreso económico familiar e índice de hacinamiento. La información obtenida fue procesada mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS v21. Los métodos empleados fueron estadística descriptiva de distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Los resultados del estudio se expusieron en tablas y gráficos. Resultados: La lepra multibacilar fue la de mayor incidencia, predominó el grupo de edad entre los 20 y 59 años, el sexo masculino fue el más afectado, el mayor por ciento de casos se observó en las áreas de salud Norte y Previsora, más de las cuatro quintas parte de los pacientes pertenecían a la zona urbana, la mayoría de ellos tenían un ingreso económico familiar malo y predominó el índice sin hacinamiento. Conclusiones: Se hace necesario profundizar en el estudio de los factores antropológicos sociales que pudieran favorecer la adquisición de esta enfermedad.

Introduction: The connection between leprosy and social factors has implications both for the patient and for the operation of the control programs for this disease. Objective: To characterize socio-demographic anthropological factors in the incidence of leprosy in the Camagüey municipality. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted. The universe was made up of patients diagnosed with leprosy included in the period covered by the study and belonging to the municipality of Camagüey. The variables studied were: clinical forms according to health classification, age, sex, health area, geographical origin (rural or urban), family economic income and overcrowding index. The information obtained was processed using the statistical package SPSS v21. The methods used were descriptive statistics of absolute and relative frequency distribution. The results of the study were presented in tables and graphs. Results: Multibacillary leprosy was the one with the highest incidence, the age group between 20 and 59 years old prevailed, with a predominance of males, the highest percentage of cases was observed in the North and Previsory health areas, more than four fifths parts of the patients belonged to urban areas, most of them had a poor family income and the index without overcrowding prevailed. Conclusions: It is necessary to deepen the study of the social anthropological factors that could favor the acquisition of this disease.

Necesidad de una lectura socioantropológica del cáncer

RESUMEN El cáncer continúa siendo una enfermedad que tiene una representación social negativa, a pesar de la información que de él se posee, sus manifestaciones y consecuencias no pueden ser explicadas solo desde una perspectiva biologicista y desde las implicaciones de naturaleza médica, pues involucra a la persona en su complejidad y diversidad de interacciones. Su atención comprende aspectos científico- técnicos muy actualizados, pero también alberga significados sociales, culturales, simbólicos, en consecuencia, antropológicos, que lo distinguen y estigmatizan. El objetivo del trabajo consistió en argumentar la necesidad de una lectura socioantropológica del cáncer, como vía para garantizar su abordaje integral. Los autores consideran que el estudio del cáncer debe incluir la visión antropológica que subyace en tres aspectos: abordaje holístico de la salud, enfoque de género y conceptualizaciones prácticas y narrativas de las vivencias.

ABSTRACT Cancer continues to be a disease that has a negative social representation, despite the information that it has, its manifestations and consequences cannot be explained only from a biological perspective and from the implications of a medical nature, since it involves the person in its complexity and diversity of interactions. Its attention includes very up-to-date scientific-technical aspects, but it also harbors social, cultural, symbolic meanings, consequently anthropological, that distinguish and stigmatize it. The objective of the work was to argue the need for a socio-anthropological reading of cancer, as a way to guarantee its comprehensive approach. The authors consider that the study of cancer should include the anthropological vision that underlies three aspects: a holistic approach to health, a gender approach, and practical and narrative conceptualizations of experiences.

Factores antropológicos socio-culturales en adolescentes femeninas con infecciones de transmisión sexual / Socio-cultural antropological factors in female adolescents with sexually transmitted diseases

RESUMEN Fundamento: la adolescencia constituye una etapa de riesgos, durante la cual el elemento antropológico socio-cultural tiene una influencia determinante, y pueden predisponer para la adquisición de infecciones de transmisión sexual. Objetivo: determinar los factores antropológicossocio-culturales en la incidencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual en adolescentes femeninas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal, cuyo universo fueron las 50 pacientes con infecciones de transmisión sexual que asistieron a consulta Infanto-Juvenil del Policlínico de Especialidades Pediátricas de la provincia Camagüey, durante el período de estudio. Las variables estudiadas fueron: tipo de adolescencia según clasificación del concepto de adolescencia de la UNICEF, conducta sexual de riesgo, nivel de escolaridad de pacientes y familiares, ingreso económico familiar, composición de la familia según número de miembros, ontogénesis, generaciones y nivel de funcionamiento familiar según registro FF-SILL. La información obtenida fue procesada mediante el programa estadístico SPSS para Microsoft Excel 2017. Los métodos empleados fueron estadística descriptiva de distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Los resultados se expusieron en tablas y gráfico. Resultados: predominó la adolescencia mediana, la conducta sexual de riesgo, el nivel de escolaridad técnico medio de las pacientes y sus padres, el ingreso económico familiar bueno, la familia mediana y nuclear, trigeneracional y disfuncional. Conclusiones: los resultados del estudio evidencian la necesidad de realizar acciones psico-educativas para los adolescentes y sus familias.

Atendimento online e sexualidade / Online psychoanalysis and sexuality / Atendimiento online y sexualidad / Psychanalyse en ligne et sexualité

Os analistas têm sido afetados pelos reflexos da pandemia que surgiu em 2020. A crise sanitária invade os consultórios como tema aparente ou subjacente. Coube-nos preservar os processos analíticos em circunstâncias bastante desfavoráveis. A necessidade de isolamento social provocou maciça migração para os atendimentos remotos. Estes têm sido surpreendentemente eficazes, até mesmo com pacientes se dispondo a um maior aprofundamento em questões da ordem do sexual. A distância, em alguns casos, contribuiu para dissolver resistências e explicitar questões transferenciais.

Psychoanalysts have been affected by the consequences of the 2020 pandemic. The health crisis has invaded offices as an either apparent or subjacent theme. It became necessary to sustain analytical processes under very unfavorable circumstances. The need for social distancing led to massive migration towards remote sessions. These have been surprisingly effective, even with patients open to more profound explorations around questions regarding the sexual realm. The distance has, in some cases, helped to dissolute resistances and reveal transferential questions.

Los analistas se han visto afectados por los reflejos de la pandemia surgida en 2020. La crisis sanitaria invade los consultorios como tema aparente o subyacente. Depende de nosotros preservar los procesos analíticos en circunstancias muy desfavorables. La necesidad de aislamiento social provocó una migración masiva a servicios remotos. Estos están demostrando ser sorprendentemente efectivos, incluso con pacientes dispuestos a profundizar en cuestiones de orden sexual. La distancia, en algunos casos, contribuyó a disolver resistencias y hacer explícitas cuestiones transferenciales.

Les psychanalystes ont été affectés par les reflets de la pandémie de 2020. La crise sanitaire envahit les cabinets de consultation comme thème soit apparent, soit sous-jacent. Il nous reste à maintenir les processus analytiques sous des circonstances assez défavorables. La nécessité de distanciation physique a géré une massive migration envers les consultations en ligne. Celles-ci se montrent - de manière surprenante - plutôt efficaces, même avec les patients ouverts à des explorations plus profondes par rapport à des questions de l'ordre du sexuel. La distance, dans quelques cas, a contribué pour dissoudre des résistances et expliciter des questions transférentielles.

The socio-environmental production of malaria in three municipalities in the Carajás region, Pará, Brazil / A produção socioambiental da malária em três municípios da região de Carajás, Pará, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the environmental production of malaria in the municipalities of Marabá, Parauapebas, and Canaã dos Carajás, in Pará, from 2014 to 2018. METHODS This ecological, cross-sectional study used epidemiological data in the Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária (Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System) from the Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará (State of Pará Health Department), cartographic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and environmental data in the Projeto TerraClass (TerraClass Project) from the National Institute of Space Research (INPE). Statistical analyses used the chi-square test, while the spatial ones, the kernel and Moran's (I) global bivariate techniques. RESULTS We analyzed a total of 437 confirmed cases of malaria in the selected area and period. The highest percentage of cases occurred among male miners and farmers, living in rural areas; Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species; and the most used diagnosis, the thick drop/smear. We also observed a heterogeneous distribution of the disease — with evidence of spatial dependence between incidence areas and different forms of land use, and spatial autocorrelations related to the high variability of anthropic activities in the municipalities. CONCLUSION The environmental production of malaria relates mainly to cattle production and mining — anthropisms related to land use and occupation in the observed municipalities. Spatial data analysis technologies sufficed for the construction of the epidemiological scenario of the disease.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a produção ambiental da malária nos municípios de Marabá, Parauapebas e Canaã dos Carajás, no Pará, entre 2014 e 2018. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico e transversal a partir de dados epidemiológicos do Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária, da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará. Foram utilizados também dados cartográficos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e ambientais do projeto TerraClass, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). As análises estatísticas utilizaram o cálculo de percentuais e o teste qui-quadrado e as espaciais as técnicas de Kernel e de Moran global bivariado (I). RESULTADOS Foram analisados 437 casos confirmados de malária, na área e periodo de estudo. O maior percentual de casos ocorreu em indivíduos do sexo masculino, adultos, morador da zona rural, com atividades de garimpagem e agropecuária, sendo o Plasmodium vivax a espécie de maior frequência e o diagnóstico mais utilizado a gota espessa/esfregaço. A distribuição da malária não ocorreu de forma homogênea, com evidências de dependência espacial entre áreas com ocorrência de casos e diferentes tipos de uso da terra. Foram observadas também autocorrelações espaciais relacionadas à alta variabilidade dos tipos antropismos, ocorrida nos municípios. CONCLUSÃO A produção ambiental da malária está associada principalmente à pastagem e à mineração, antropismos relacionados às formas de uso e ocupação da terra nos municípios estudados. As tecnologias de análises de dados espaciais em saúde foram satisfatórias para a construção do cenário epidemiológico da doença.

Anthropometric characteristics of olympic female and male artistic gymnasts from 1996 to 2016 / Características antropométricas de gimnastas artísticos olímpicos femeninos y masculinos de 1996 a 2016

SUMMARY: Success in artistic gymnastics certainly depends on the morphological characteristics of the athletes, some of which are basic body height and weight. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in body height and weight between the male and female participants on the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. The following variables were chosen: body weight (kg), body height (cm). The results did show significant differences between women's artistic gymnastics in body weight and height over a 20-year period. In men's artistic gymnastics we didn't find the difference. This research is important in setting comparative parameters in the selection process and sport specialization regarding morphological characteristics according to different events of gymnasts at the elite level.

RESUMEN: El éxito en la gimnasia artística depende de las características morfológicas de los atletas, algunas de las cuales son la altura y el peso del cuerpo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la altura y el peso corporal en los participantes masculinos y femeninos en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1996 a 2016. Se eligieron las siguientes variables: peso corporal (kg), altura corporal (cm). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre la gimnasia artística femenina en el peso corporal y la altura durante un período de 20 años. En la gimnasia artística masculina no se observó diferencia. Esta investigación es importante para establecer parámetros comparativos en el proceso de selección y la especialización deportiva con respecto a las características morfológicas, de acuerdo a los eventos en que participan gimnastas de nivel de élite.

The changeability of some cephalofacial variables and stature during a timeline of over 80 years / La capacidad de cambio de algunas variables cefalofaciales y estatura durante un periodo de más de 80 años

Cephalofacial variables and the body height have priority importance in anthropological researches for a chronological study of the anthropological status of peoples. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the changeability of the cephalofacial variables and stature under the influence of exogenous factors during the over 80 years period-time. The realisation of the goal was done by comparing of some anthropometrical data (stature, 5 cephalofacial measurements and 2 cephalofacial indexes) done on the Albanian male population in three different time-line studies (Coon, 1950; Dhima, 1974-84; Rexhepi et al. 2018; cephalofacial measurements, 1997-2008, and stature, 2007-2017). Regarding the cephalofacial variables, some minor systematic differences were found between three different timeline studies, but without contradictions regarding the group's classification according to the corresponding scale. The major and meaningful differences between the three studies are noted in body height (Coon = 169.71 cm, Dhima=171.61cm; Rexhepi et al.=178.23 cm). The results of this study suggested that the timeline difference over 80 years, with all exogenous factor changes (environment, socioeconomic conditions, health, etc.) has a meaningful impact on body height, while not on the substantial changes on cephalofacial variables.

Las variables cefalofaciales y la altura del cuerpo tienen una importancia mayor en las investigaciones antropológicas para un estudio cronológico del estado antropológico de la población. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad de cambio de las variables cefalofaciales y la estatura de acuerdo a la influencia de factores exógenos durante un período de más de 80 años. El objetivo se llevó a cabo mediante la comparación de algunos datos antropométricos (estatura, 5 mediciones cefalofaciales y 2 índices cefalofaciales) realizados en la población masculina albanesa en tres estudios de línea de tiempo diferentes (Coon, 1929-30; Dhima, 1974-84; Mediciones cefalofaciales de Rexhepi et al., 1997-2008, y estatura, 2007-2017). Con respecto a las variables cefalofaciales, se encontraron algunas diferencias sistemáticas menores entre tres estudios de línea de tiempo diferentes, pero sin contradicciones con respecto a la clasificación del grupo, según la escala correspondiente. Las diferencias principales y significativas entre los tres estudios se observaron en la altura del cuerpo (Coon = 169,71 cm, Dhima = 171,61 cm; Rexhepi et al. = 178,23 cm). Los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que la diferencia en la línea de tiempo en un periodo de 80 años, junto a todos los cambios de factores exógenos (ambiente, condiciones socioeconómicas, salud, etc.) tienen un impacto significativo en la altura corporal, mientras que esto no ocurre en los cambios de las variables cefalofaciales.

Latent cephalofacial structure of the albanian population of Kosovo / Estructura cefalofacial latente de la población albana de Kosovo

Anthropometric studies began as a methodology in biological anthropology for comparing of the anthropological features of the today's nations and previous nations too, as well as in screening and diagnosing of malnutrition. It is evident that a large number of studies have been performed on measures of body height, weight, trunk and limb dimensions, subcutaneous fatness and body composition, etc., but less attention has been paid to cephalofacial measurements. The purpose of this research was to study and explain the latent structure of the humans' cephalofacial variables.On 754 healthy entities (561 male entities and 193 female entities), aged 18-35 years, were measured 11 cephalofacial variables. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive parameters, Correlation analysis, and Factorial analyses. Correlation analysis confirms the existing of some variables' sets, which are characterized with the higher correlations between variables within the set. Through the principal component analysis of the Factor Analysis (rotation method direct obliging, Keiser criterion) were extracted four latent factors which explain 66.39 % of the total variance: Factor of intracranial capacity; Transversal factor of the face; Longitudinal factor of the face.Conclusion: The composition of the extracted factors was compatible with the scientific explanation of the anthropologists regarding the development of the head.

Los estudios antropométricos comenzaron como una metodología en antropología biológica para comparar las características antropológicas de las naciones modernas y también de las naciones en la antigüedad, así como para el cribado y diagnóstico de desnutrición. Se han realizado una gran cantidad de estudios sobre medidas de altura corporal, peso, dimensiones del tronco y las extremidades, grasa subcutánea y composición corporal, etc., pero se ha prestado menos atención a las medidas cefalofaciales. El propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar y explicar la estructura latente de las variables cefalofaciales de los humanos. Se midieron 11 variables cefalofaciales en 754 sujetos sanos (561 hombres y 193 mujeres), de 18 a 35 años. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados mediante parámetros descriptivos, análisis de correlación y análisis factoriales. El análisis de correlación confirma la existencia de algunos conjuntos de variables, que se caracterizan por tener las correlaciones más altas entre las variables dentro del conjunto. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales del Análisis Factorial se extrajeron cuatro factores latentes que explican el 66,39% de la varianza total: Factor de capacidad intracraneal; Factor transversal de la cara; Factor longitudinal del rostro. Conclusión: La composición de los factores extraídos fue compatible con la explicación científica de los antropólogos sobre el desarrollo de la cabeza.

"Where are the Botocudos?" Anthropological displays and the entanglements of staring, 1882-1883 / "Onde estão os botocudos?" Exposições antropológicas e olhares entrelaçados, 1882-1883

Abstract This article proposes an entangled perspective on nineteenth-century anthropological exhibitions. Whereas the existing scholarship mostly focuses on the receiving end of such displays or the agency of indigenous performers, this article argues for more stopovers and contextualization to grasp both the ambiguous position of non-metropolitan exhibitors like Brazil and the semantic transformations of traveling exhibits. In 1882, a group of Botocudo Amerindians was first taken to Rio de Janeiro and later put on display in Britain. Their presence in Rio sparked great interest, with lasting effects on the popular entertainment scene. Yet staring at them became a contested issue once they were taken to Europe, since Brazilians were concerned about becoming an object of Europe's exoticizing voyeurism.

Resumo O artigo propõe uma perspectiva complexa sobre as exposições antropológicas do século XIX. Enquanto o foco acadêmico tem se concentrado na recepção dessas exposições ou na ação de performers indígenas, este artigo problematiza outros aspectos e contextos para compreender tanto a posição ambígua de expositores não metropolitanos, como o Brasil, quanto as transformações semânticas nas viagens dos indivíduos expostos. Em 1882, um grupo de ameríndios botocudos foi levado ao Rio de Janeiro e posteriormente exibido no Reino Unido. A presença deles no Rio de Janeiro atraiu muita atenção, deixando efeitos duradouros na cena do entretenimento popular. Quando foram levados para a Europa, contudo, os brasileiros contestaram a ação de observar os botocudos, preocupados em se tornar objeto de voyerismo exótico.

Ethnicity and Gender Determination by Means of Intercanine and Intermolar Width in Uttarakhand Population

Teeth are an excellent material in living and non-living populations for anthropological and forensic investigations as they are the hardest and chemically most stable tissues of the body. The dentition used in gender determination has been explored, as they exhibit the least turnover of natural structure and are readily accessible for examination as they are resistant to various insults. Our aim was to determine and evaluate the usefulness of Intercanine, Intermolar arch width for gender determination and for ethnicity difference of the people living in Uttrakhand and to validate its use as a forensic tool. Methods: 100 subjects were selected and impressions were made for maxillary arch with alginate. Study models were made and analysed with digital Vernier calliper. Results: The mean Inter canine width and the mean intermolar width were higher in males than females and the differnces were highly significant statistically [P < 0.008].On comparing between Punjabi and native population of Uttarakhand ,the ICD & IMD values were higher in Punjabi population [P < 0.001]. Conclusion: Therefore , we can conclude that the Intercanine and intermolar widths are useful in determining the gender/ ethnicity of the population.

Doctors Discussing “the Root of Koreans”: Medical Genetics and the Korean Origin, 1975–1987 / 의사학

Anthropological genetics emerged as a new discipline to investigate the origin of human species in the second half of the twentieth century. Using the genetic database of blood groups and other protein polymorphisms, anthropological geneticists started redrawing the ancient migratory history of human populations. A peculiarity of the Korean experience is that clinical physicians were the first experts using genetic data to theorize the historical origin of the respective population. This paper examines how South Korean physicians produced the genetic knowledge and discourse of the Korean origin in the 1970s and 1980s. It argues that transnational scientific exchange led clinical researchers to engage in global anthropological studies. The paper focuses on two scientific cooperative cases in medical genetics at the time: the West German-South Korean pharmacogenetic research on the Korean population and the Asia-Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop. At the outset, physicians introduced medical genetics into their laboratory for clinical applications. Involved in cooperative projects on investigating anthropological implications of their clinical work, medical researchers came to use their genetic data for studying the Korean origin. In the process, physicians simply followed a nationalist narrative of the Korean origin rather than criticizing it. This was partially due to their lack of serious interest in anthropological work. Their explanations about the Korean origin would be considered “scientific” while hiding their embracing of the nationalist narrative.

Pesquisadores brasileiros na pós-graduação de Antropologia Médica na Espanha: relato de experiência / Investigadores brasileños en el post-grado de antropología médica en España: relato de experiencia / Brazilian researchers in Medical Anthropology Postgraduate Studies in Spain: Experience Report

O objetivo do manuscrito foi relatar e discutir a experiência de pesquisadores brasileiros, do campo da saúde, em um programa da área da antropologia. Trata-se de relato de experiência elaborado na perspectiva de se reconhecerem e discutirem, de maneira crítica, as experiências dos pesquisadores no campo antropológico da educação continuada e permanente, tendo como cenário o doutorado em Antropologia e Comunicação da Universitat Rovira i Virgil em Tarragona, Espanha. O relato da imersão dos pesquisadores nos estudos sobre antropologia médica e saúde global revelou a ampliação de horizontes sobre a compreensão do processo de saúde-enfermidade-atenção, possibilitando a análise do fenômeno sob outra perspectiva, onde os valores da sociedade e da cultura estão fortemente presentes.

El objetivo del manuscrito fue relatar y discutir la experiencia de investigadores brasileños, del campo de la salud, en un programa del área de la antropología. Se trata de un relato de experiencia elaborado desde la perspectiva de reconocer y discutir, de manera crítica, las experiencias de los investigadores en el campo antropológico de la educación continuada y permanente, teniendo como escenario el doctorado en Antropología y comunicación de la Universitat Rovira i Virgil en Tarragona, España. El relato de la inmersión de los investigadores en los estudios sobre antropología médica y salud global reveló la ampliación de horizontes sobre la comprensión del proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención, posibilitando el análisis del fenómeno bajo otra perspectiva, en donde los valores de la sociedad y de la cultura están fuertemente presentes.

The purpose of this manuscript was to report and discuss the experience of Brazilian health researchers, going through a program in the area of anthropology. This experience report aims to acknowledge and critical discuss the experiences of the researchers in the anthropology field of continued and permanent education, in the background of the PhD course in Anthropology and Communication of the Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, Spain. The immersion studies on medical anthropology and global health done by the researchers widened their understanding of the health-disease-care process, enabling the analysis of the phenomenon from another perspective, where the society and cultural values are strongly present.

An osteological study of morphometry of hard palate and its importance.

Background: The hard palate is an essential part of human skull, the detailed knowledge of which plays an important role in the passive articulation of speech. Methods: The present study was conducted on 65 dry skulls from the department of anatomy, MVJMC & RH, Bangalore. With vernier caliper, palatine length, palatine breadth and heights were measured. Palatine index and palatine height index were calculated. Results: Mean palatine length was 48.47 ± 4.66 mm. Mean palatine breadth was 36 ± 4.41 mm and height was 8.62 ± 2.76 mm. According to the palatine index range, 66% of the hard palate belongs to leptostaphyline, 18.5% belongs to mesostaphyline and 15. 5% was brachystaphyline. As per palatine height index, 72.3% of hard palate showed chamestaphyline followed by 26.1% orthostaphyline and 1.6% hypistaphyline. Conclusions: These observations can be utilised for ethnic and racial classification of crania, anthropological studies, fabricating complete maxillary dentures for edentulous patients and performing certain surgical procedures in hard palate & soft palate.

Reflexividade como éthos da pesquisa qualitativa / Reflexivity as the ethos of qualitative research

Este ensaio, cuja finalidade é subsidiar a reflexão sobre a ética em pesquisa antropológica e qualitativa, busca ressaltar o caráter compreensivo, relacional e reflexivo desse processo, assim como as vantagens e os problemas que advêm das lógicas diferentes e, muitas vezes, dos interesses conflitantes entre o pesquisador e seus interlocutores. O texto se divide em quatro partes e contempla: (a) o sentido ético dessas formas de abordagem; (b) o comportamento ético do pesquisador no campo; (c) a ética na análise do material empírico; (d) cuidados éticos na elaboração dos resultados de estudos antropológicos e qualitativos, valendo-se de alguns exemplos clássicos da literatura internacional. O texto conclui refletindo sobre a distinção entre as exigências dos Comitês de Ética e a Ética da pesquisa propriamente dita: é preciso ter claro que o sentido abrangente da ética que inclui a responsabilidade do pesquisador não pode ser condensado nos instrumentos exigidos para julgamento dos projetos porque estão em jogo, além do desenvolvimento da pesquisa, o sentido social do trabalho, as relações institucionais com os financiadores, a forma de tratar a equipe de pesquisa, os estudantes nela incluídos e os compromissos com a comunidade científica.

This paper seeks to promote reflection on ethics in anthropological and qualitative research and emphasize the comprehensive, relational and reflective character of this process, as well as the advantages and problems that arise from different logic and often conflicting interests between researchers and their interlocutors. The text is divided into four parts and addresses the ethical: (a) significance of these approaches; (b) behavior of the researcher in the field; (c) analysis of the empirical material; and (d) considerations in the preparation of results of anthropological and qualitative studies, using some classic examples from the international literature. The paper concludes by reflecting on the distinction between the requirements of the Ethics Committee and the Ethics of research itself. It must be clear that the comprehensive sense of ethics which includes the responsibility of the researcher cannot be condensed in the instruments required for the judgment of projects because the following elements are involved in the development of research, namely the social significance of the work, the institutional relations with fund providers, how to treat staff and research students in academic work and commitments with the scientific community.

Jean Laplanche e a fidelidade infiel a Freud: uma homenagem / Jean Laplanche y la fidelidad infiel a Freud: un homenaje / Jean Laplanche and the infidel fidelity to Freud: a tribute

O artigo, uma homenagem a Jean Laplanche, se propõe a apresentar alguns elementos de sua trajetória pessoal e psicanalítica, introduzindo e contextualizando sua teoria da sedução generalizada e alguns de seus principais conceitos: o método de fazer Freud trabalhar, a centralidade do sexual, alteridade, mensagem enigmática, situação antropológica fundamental, inconsciente encravado e pseudoinconsciente do mitosimbólico, todos parte de seus Novos fundamentos para a psicanálise. Da mesma forma são apresentadas as polêmicas sobre a origem da pulsão e sobre a centralidade do complexo de Édipo decorrentes de sua teoria

The manuscript, a tribute to Jean Laplanche, intends to present some elements of his personal an psychoanalytic trajectory, introducing and contextualizing his general seduction theory and some of his main concepts: the method of making Freud work, the centrality of sexual, alterity, enigmatic message, fundamental anthropological situation, unconscious enclave, and pseudo-unconscious of the symbolic myth, all part of his New foundations for psychoanalysis. The controversies on the origins of drive and on the centrality of the Oedipus complex due to his theories are likewise presented

El artículo, un homenaje a Jean Laplanche, se propone presentar algunos elementos de su trayectoria personal y psicoanalítica, introduciendo y contextualizando su teoría de la seducción generalizada y algunos de sus principales conceptos: el método de hacer Freud trabajar, la centralidad del sexual, alteridad, mensaje enigmático, situación antropológica fundamental, inconsciente enclavado y pseudoinconsciente del mito-simbólico, todos parte de sus Nuevos fundamentos para el psicoanálisis. Del mismo modo son presentadas las polémicas sobre el origen de la pulsión y sobre la centralidad del complejo de Edipo derivadas de su teoría

Jean Laplanche: o trabalho da obra / Jean Laplanche: el trabajo de la obra / Jean Laplanche: the work of the literary work

A obra de Jean Laplanche é mais um fazer trabalhar do que um simples retorno a Freud. Chegou a hora de fazer trabalhar a obra do próprio Jean Laplanche. Que status tópico é atribuído ao complexo de Édipo e à angústia de castração? Podemos, com Jean Laplanche, recusar-lhes a dignidade do inconsciente? Podemos pretender construir uma teoria psicanalítica unitária que abrace a totalidade da vida psíquica? Como prolongar a pista de uma homologia entre a situação antropológica fundamental e a situação analítica? Da discussão à exploração, passando pela divergência, este texto prolonga anos de conversas e debates com Jean Laplanche

Jean Laplanche’s work is rather a way of working than a simple return to Freud. It’s time to put on Jean Laplanche’s work to work by itself. What’s the topic status given to the Oedipus complex and to the castration anxiety? Can we, with Jean Laplanche, refuse the dignity of unconscious? Can we intend to build an unitary psychoanalytic theory that embraces the totality of the mental life? How to extend the path of a homology between the fundamental anthropological situation and the analytical situation? From discussion to exploration, going through divergence, this paper extends years of talks and debates with Jean Laplanche

La obra de Jean Laplanche es más un hacer trabajar que un simples volver a Freud. Llego el momento de hacer trabajar a la obra del propio Jean Laplanche. Que status tópico es atribuido al complejo de Edipo y hacía la angustia de castración? Podemos, con Jean Laplanche, recusarles a la dignidad del inconsciente? Podemos pretender construir una teoría psicoanalítica unitaria que abrace a la totalidad de la vida psíquica? Como prolongar la pista de una homología entre la situación antropológica fundamental y la situación analítica? De la discusión hacía la exploración, pasando por la divergencia, este texto prolonga años de conversaciones y debates con Jean Laplanche

Ritual de consumo do crack: aspectos socioantropológicos e repercussões para a saúde dos usuários / The ritual of crack consumption: socio-anthropological aspects and impacts on the health of users

O uso do crack tem promovido intensa discussão na sociedade. Pesquisas têm contribuído na caracterização dos usuários e nas consequências negativas do seu consumo. No entanto, poucos estudos têm se aprofundado nos contextos socioculturais em que o crack é consumido. Para tanto, o estudo tem como objetivo discutir o ritual de consumo do crack e suas repercurssões sociais e à saúde dos usuários. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo desenvolvido nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (Caps-ad). Os sujeitos foram selecidonados em dois grupos de informantes-chave: usuários de crack em acompanhamento e trabalhadores de saúde. Utilizou-se como técnica de coleta a entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados demonstraram que o consumo de crack não está dissociado do modo de organização atual da sociedade. Há relação entre o uso desta substância e a organização social para o consumo. Os indivíduos buscam no crack fazer parte de um mercado consumidor, participando ativamente do que a sociedade concebe como novidade. As formas e as cenas de uso têm relação direta com a saúde dos usuários, necessitando que haja por parte dos serviços de saúde detecção, aproximação e intervenções de saúde nessas cenas de uso.

The use of crack cocaine has given rise to an intense discussion in society. Research has contributed to the characterization of users and the negative consequences of its use. However, few studies have conducted in-depth study of the social and cultural contexts in which crack cocaine is used. Thus, this study seeks to discuss the ritual of crack cocaine use and its social and health consequences for the user. It is a qualitative study developed in the Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs (Portuguese acronym: Caps-ad). The individuals were selected in two groups of key-informants: crack cocaine users undergoing treatment and health professionals. Data was obtained by means of semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that the use of crack cocaine is not dissociated with the current organizational structure of society. There is a link between the use of this substance and the social organization for its use. By using crack cocaine, the individuals try to be part of a consumer market, actively participating in what society perceives as new. The forms and locations of use are directly related to users' health, making it necessary for healthcare services to detect, approach and make health interventions in these locations of use.

The latency of the female's cephalofacial variables / Latencia de variables cefalofaciales en mujeres

The human craniofacial bones are certainly the most important part of the body, as well as the foundation for the soft tissues of the face and head. This part of the body is extremely complex structure, which has a number of important functions, such are: diet, special senses, protection, communication. The main purpose of this research was to study and explain the latent structure of the cephalofacial measurements of female subjects. On 193 female subjects aged 18-35 years, we measured 11 cephalofacial measurements. The collected data are analyzed through descriptive parameters, Correlation analysis, and Factorial analyses. According to the results of the basic parameters the measured subjects are characterized with long, large and medium height head. Correlation analysis confirms some sets of variables that realize the higher correlations with each other. According to the principal component analysis of the Factor Analysis, with the rotation method direct oblimin, and using the Keiser criterion have been extracted four latent factors that explain 66.39 percent of the total variance: The cranial factor; The factor of intracranial capacity; The transversal factor of the face; The longitudinal factor of the face. The composition of the extracted factors is compatible with the anthropological explanation of the anthropologists regarding the development of these tissues of the head.

Los huesos craneofaciales humanos son sin duda la parte más importante del cuerpo, así como las bases para los tejidos blandos de la cara y el cráneo. Esta parte del cuerpo es una estructura extremadamente compleja, que tiene un número importante de funciones tales como alimentación, sensorial, protección y comunicación. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue estudiar y explicar las estructuras latentes de mediciones cefalofaciales en mujeres. En 193 mujeres, con edades entre 18-35 años, se realizaron 11 mediciones cefalofaciales. Los datos recogidos se analizaron a través de parámetros descriptivos, análisis de correlación y análisis factorial. De acuerdo con los resultados los parámetros básicos de las mujeres estudiadas se caracterizaron con alturas de cabeza largas, grandes y medianas. El análisis de correlación confirma algunos conjuntos de variables que señalan las correlaciones más altas entre sí. De acuerdo con el análisis de componentes principales del análisis factorial, con el método de rotación directa de oblimin, y utilizando el criterio de Keiser se extrajeron cuatro factores latentes que explican el 66,39 por ciento de la varianza total: factor craneal, factor de capacidad intracraneal, factor transversal de la cara y factor longitudinal de la cara. La composición de los factores extraídos es compatible con la explicación antropológica respecto al desarrollo de estos tejidos de la cabeza.

Los jóvenes y las jóvenes en el Estado de México: sociodemografía y empleo 2010 / Youngsters from the State of Mexico: socialdemographics and employment 2010 / Os jovens, homens e mulheres no Estado do México: características sociodemográficas e emprego 2010

El presente estudio aborda el tema de los jóvenes mexiquenses de 14 a 29 años de edad que se encuentran en condición de inactividad en el ámbito de lo laboral y educativo, que se integran al recientemente creado concepto de NiNi; el de los jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan, la investigación se desarrolló desde una óptica de análisis teórico Socio Antropológico, que permitió observar los componentes mismos del fenómeno, así como, bajo qué especificidades se desarrolla dicho fenómeno. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo, consiste en ofrecer una disertación en torno al actual concepto de NiNi, a partir de información referida, proponiendo como elemento final una conceptualización mucho más acorde a la realidad de la población inmersa en el fenómeno.

This study approaches the topic concerning youngsters from the State of Mexico, with ages ranging from 14 to 29 years who are inactive both in the work and educational fields, who have been integrated to the recent NiNi concept; youngsters who do not study or work. The research is conducted from a Socio-Anthropological theoretical analysis perspective, which allows to observe the components of the phenomenon themselves, as well as under what specificities it develops. Accordingly, its objective consists of offering a dissertation around the current NiNi concept, from referred information, thus proposing, as the final element, a final conceptualization much more in accord with the reality of the population immersed in this phenomenon.

O presente estudo aborda o tema de jovens mexiquenses de 14 e 29 anos de idade que se encontram em condição de inatividade no ámbito do laboral e do educativo que se integram ao recentemente criado conceito de NiNi; os jovens que nem estuam e nem trabalham, a pesquisa de uma ótica de análise téorica sócio-antropológica, que permite observar os componentes mesmos do fenômeno bem como as especificidades que se desenvolvem. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo, consite em oferecer uma dissertação sobre o atual conceito de NiNi, a partir da informação referida, propondo como elemento final uma conceitualização que esteja muitomais de acordo com a realidade da população imersa no fenómeno.